{"id":61558,"date":"2026-10-16T17:11:35","date_gmt":"2026-10-16T17:11:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.threatshub.org\/blog\/munich-dumps-proprietary-for-open-source-again-but-no-linux-desktop\/"},"modified":"2026-10-16T17:11:35","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T17:11:35","slug":"munich-dumps-proprietary-for-open-source-again-but-no-linux-desktop","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.threatshub.org\/blog\/munich-dumps-proprietary-for-open-source-again-but-no-linux-desktop\/","title":{"rendered":"Munich dumps proprietary for open source (again) \u2013 but no Linux desktop"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ZDNET\u2019s key takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Munich is not bringing back LiMux, its Linux desktop distro.<\/li>\n<li>Instead, the city is replacing proprietary infrastructure software with open-source programs.<\/li>\n<li>Munich is also helping to build software for its own needs and for other cities.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n<p>PRAGUE \u2014 At <a href=\"https:\/\/events.linuxfoundation.org\/open-source-summit-europe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Source Summit Europe<\/a>, Dr. Laura Dornheim, Munich\u2019s chief digital officer, said in her keynote speech that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/munich-sheds-light-on-the-cost-of-dropping-linux-and-returning-to-windows\/\">Munich abandoned its LiMux Linux desktop deployment<\/a> for Windows over a decade ago because of politics, but now it\u2019s returning to open-source software.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/innovation\/linus-torvalds-uses-ai-to-write-linux-kernel-patch\/\">Linus Torvalds is using AI to develop Linux kernel code now<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s not returning to the Linux desktop, however \u2014 not yet, anyway. Instead, it\u2019s switching its infrastructure programs from proprietary software to open-source software.&nbsp; For example, it\u2019s replacing VMware with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proxmox.com\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proxmox<\/a>, moving from Jira and Confluence to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.openproject.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenProjec<\/a>t and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.xwiki.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">XWiki<\/a>, and adopting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PostgreSQL<\/a> as an alternative to Oracle databases. <\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-ziff-davis-exco-video is-injected\" id=\"exco-video-block-6a8f5bcfed71f801c6e0861e-1370819-4\" data-exco-video-id data-exco-playlist-id=\"6a8f5bcfed71f801c6e0861e\" data-exco-video-title data-exco-video-src data-exco-video-duration=\"0\" data-exco-video-poster data-exco-suppress-ads=\"0\" data-exco-autoplay=\"0\" data-exco-sticky=\"1\">\n<p class=\"exco-video__eyebrow\">More from ZDNET<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The two infrastructure and collaboration migrations alone are expected to save roughly \u20ac1.5 million or more annually.<\/p>\n<p>Taken together, these projects illustrate the difference between Munich\u2019s first Linux campaign and its current approach. Rather than making desktop Linux its center pole, the city is replacing individual layers of proprietary infrastructure where it can make a practical case.<\/p>\n<p>So, this comeback is not a wholesale resurrection of <a href=\"https:\/\/interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu\/collection\/open-source-observatory-osor\/document\/limux-it-evolution-open-source-success-story-never\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LiMux<\/a>, the Debian\/Kubuntu Linux desktop project that made <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/tech\/services-and-software\/munich-breaks-with-windows-for-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Munich the Linux desktop standard-bearer between 2003<\/a> and 2013. Besides, Dornheim added, dealing with the elephant in the room, \u201cSo [if LiMux] was a success, why is it not alive anymore? Not because of technical issues.\u201d So, what changed?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/business\/dutch-tax-authorities-cancel-microsoft-365-cloud-rollout\/\">Dutch tax authorities cancel Microsoft 365 cloud rollout<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dornheim explained it was all politics.&nbsp;\u201cOpen source in the public sector doesn\u2019t fail because of technical issues. It mostly fails because it\u2019s not aligned with the political agenda.\u201d She continued that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/why-munich-should-stick-with-linux\/\">Munich had switched away from Linux<\/a> because a new government got Microsoft to agree to make Munich the headquarters for Microsoft Germany.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From Linux pioneer back to Windows<\/h2>\n<p>Munich\u2019s original move began as Windows NT 4.0 neared the end of support. Yes, that was over 20 years ago. In May 2003, its council voted to migrate to a tailor-made Linux distribution, LiMux.<\/p>\n<p>The rollout began in earnest in 2006. By December 2013, Munich had completed the migration with more than 14,800 desktops running LiMux. A <a href=\"https:\/\/interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu\/collection\/open-source-observatory-osor\/document\/munichs-long-history-open-source-public-administration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Commission Open Source Observatory case study reported savings of about \u20ac11 million<\/a> because the city dumped Windows.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/tech\/7-open-source-apps-worth-paying-for-in-2026\/\">7 open-source apps worth paying for<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>LiMux became the leading example that a large city could operate Linux desktops and open-source office software. It also exposed the difficulty of changing a sprawling government IT environment, particularly when Microsoft Office documents, legacy workflows, PDF use, and user expectations remained tied to proprietary systems.<\/p>\n<p>The political climate changed after Munich\u2019s 2014 municipal election. By November 2017, the council had voted to reverse course and return its computers to Windows, with a target of 2020. The office-suite transition took longer. Indeed, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.heise.de\/en\/news\/Munich-Open-Source-is-back-11484661.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the migration from LibreOffice to Microsoft Office wasn\u2019t completed until 2023<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>So, despite what you may have heard, this was not a case of \u201cLinux failed.\u201d It didn\u2019t. It was politics, pure and simple.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where Munich goes from here<\/h2>\n<p>Today, Germany\u2019s third-largest city is targeting proprietary platforms where open-source alternatives can deliver financial savings, greater control, and software that other municipalities can reuse. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/digital-sovereignty-un-global-push-to-replace-us-cloud-giants-with-open-source-tech\/\">Digital sovereignty<\/a> matters, but that\u2019s not the primary driver in Munich.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>That said, Dornheim noted that a cloud transition to Azure without sufficient assurance from Microsoft of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance would require the city to scrutinize who could use each tool. This management overheard didn\u2019t help make a case for staying with Microsoft. It\u2019s also a clear example of how digital sovereignty has become both an important technical and political issue.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/digital-sovereignty-un-global-push-to-replace-us-cloud-giants-with-open-source-tech\/\">Inside the global push to replace US cloud giants with open-source<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dornheim added that her answer to getting politicians to support open-source software in the long run is to connect open source with priorities they understand. These include budgets, public services, and the ability to make software available across the administration.<\/p>\n<p>She added that Munich\u2019s current IT strategy is to ensure open-source software functions well without losing the political support needed to sustain it. It certainly helps that, thanks to the shift to open-source software, \u201cWe are saving roughly a million euros a year. So that\u2019s again a great win, not just for us, for our belief in public and public code, but also for the politicians in Munich.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The open-source return started with infrastructure<\/h2>\n<p>The new Munich IT plan also embraced the \u201cpublic money, public code\u201d principle: software developed with public funding should, where appropriate, be available for others to inspect, use, and improve. The commitment applied to newly acquired or developed software even as the earlier Windows migration continued.<\/p>\n<p>Dornheim, who became Munich\u2019s CDO in September 2022, has not treated that policy as a mandate for a third administration-wide operating-system upheaval. Supporting institutions have also changed. Munich established an Open Source Program Office in 2024. This added a dedicated structure for coordinating its open-source work. Its public software portal presents the city\u2019s approach in three categories: Use existing open-source software, improve it, and publish software that the city develops itself.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/tech\/opensuse-leap-immutable-mode-security\/\">openSUSE Leap adds a new security layer: Immutable mode<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s a broader commitment than just replacing Windows with a Linux distro. Munich is now an open-source software development participant, not simply a customer choosing between licenses.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Software that other cities can use<\/h2>\n<p>There are several examples of Munich sharing its software. One such is <a href=\"https:\/\/opensource.muenchen.de\/software\/dave.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DAVe, Munich\u2019s application for documenting and analyzing traffic<\/a> data. In use since 2021, the software has also been adopted by Wolfsburg, Germany. <\/p>\n<p>Dornheim said such collaboration should become routine rather than depend on another city discovering a suitable project. \u201cI think these matches shouldn\u2019t just happen sort of by accident, but there needs to be a structure across the whole public sector. It\u2019s on my wish list.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/innovation\/microsoft-new-copilot-unified-ai-app\/\">Microsoft\u2019s new Copilot app puts everything in one place<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Munich\u2019s work also includes <a href=\"https:\/\/opensource.muenchen.de\/de\/software\/mucgpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MUCGPT<\/a>, a municipal AI application that enables employees to access large language model (LLM) capabilities. This helps with writing and proofreading emails.<\/p>\n<p>The city is also investing in the open-source ecosystem. Its <a href=\"https:\/\/opensource.muenchen.de\/sabbatical.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Source Sabbatical<\/a> program supports developers working on open-source projects. The broader purpose is to support improvements and funding components used in open-source municipal services.<\/p>\n<p>Put it all together, and Munich\u2019s open-source approach is no longer simply about the Linux desktop. Instead, it\u2019s all about Munich reducing its dependence on proprietary software, controlling costs, and turning publicly funded software into a reusable public asset. So far, the city\u2019s doing well.<\/p>\n<section class=\"zd-disqus\" data-zd-disqus data-disqus-shortname=\"zdnet-1\" data-disqus-identifier=\"1370819\" data-disqus-url=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/business\/munich-proprietary-open-source-no-linux-desktop\/\" data-disqus-title=\"Munich dumps proprietary for open source (again) \u2013 but no Linux desktop\" data-disqus-api-key=\"y0Dp0T6itn9rbTvSf2xkzkhaUL7c5EJsmaWF3XYBqXNz8GHH7wSX1nXi4qzdihWV\" data-disqus-show-label=\"Show Comments\" data-disqus-hide-label=\"Hide Comments\"> <button type=\"button\" class=\"zd-disqus__toggle\" data-zd-disqus-toggle aria-expanded=\"false\"> <span class=\"zd-disqus__toggle-text\" data-zd-disqus-label>Show Comments<\/span> <svg class=\"zd-disqus__toggle-icon\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 14 14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"> <path d=\"M7 1 V12.5 M2.5 8 L7 12.5 L11.5 8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/> <\/svg> <\/button> <\/p>\n<div class=\"zd-disqus__panel\" data-zd-disqus-panel hidden>\n<p class=\"zd-disqus__consent\" data-zd-disqus-consent hidden>Please accept cookies to view the comments powered by Disqus.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p> <noscript>Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.<\/noscript> <\/section>\n<div class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter-container\">\n<div class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter\">\n<div class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter_body\">\n<div class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter_nameBlock\">\n<div class=\"c-cmsImage articleAuthorBioFooter_image\"> <picture class=\"c-cmsImage_image\"> <img alt=\"Steven Vaughan-Nichols\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/steven-vaughan-nichols.jpg?w=64\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/steven-vaughan-nichols.jpg?w=128 2x\" class=\"avatar avatar-64 photo\" height=\"64\" width=\"64\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"> <\/picture> <\/div>\n<div class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter_nameText\">\n<div class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter_name\"> <span>Steven Vaughan-Nichols<\/span> <\/div>\n<p> <span class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter_credentials\"> Senior Contributing Editor <\/span> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p> <span class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter_bio has-bio\"> <span>Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols is a freelance writer and technology analyst. Besides ZDNET, he works with Foundry (Formerly IDG Communications), The Register, The New Stack, TechStrong, and Cathey Communications. He does not own stocks or other investments in any technology company.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/meet-the-team\/sjvn\/\" rel=\"author\" class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter_link\"> See full bio <\/a> <\/span> <\/div>\n<p> <!-- Latest Articles Section --> <\/p>\n<div class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter_latest\">\n<h3 class=\"articleAuthorBioFooter_latestTitle\"> The Latest from Steven <\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- .articleAuthorBioFooter-container --><br \/>\nREAD MORE <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/business\/munich-proprietary-open-source-no-linux-desktop\/\">HERE<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Open source in the public sector doesn\u2019t fail because of technical issues. It fails because it\u2019s not aligned with the political agenda READ MORE HERE&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":61559,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61558","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zdnet-security"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Munich dumps proprietary for open source (again) \u2013 but no Linux desktop 2026 | ThreatsHub Cybersecurity News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"ThreatsHub Cybersecurity News | ThreatsHub.org | Cloud Security &amp; Cyber Threats Analysis Hub. 100% Free OSINT Threat Intelligent and Cybersecurity News.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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