{"id":54217,"date":"2023-10-19T13:42:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-19T13:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/packetstormsecurity.com\/news\/view\/35141\/Theres-A-New-Way-To-Flip-Bits-In-DRAM.html"},"modified":"2023-10-19T13:42:00","modified_gmt":"2023-10-19T13:42:00","slug":"theres-a-new-way-to-flip-bits-in-dram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.threatshub.org\/blog\/theres-a-new-way-to-flip-bits-in-dram\/","title":{"rendered":"There&#8217;s A New Way To Flip Bits In DRAM"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"intro-image intro-left\"> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/data-corruption-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"There\u2019s a new way to flip bits in DRAM, and it works against the latest defenses\"><figcaption class=\"caption\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<aside id=\"social-left\" class=\"social-left\" aria-label=\"Read the comments or share this article\"> <a class=\"comment-count icon-comment-bubble-down\" href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/security\/2023\/10\/theres-a-new-way-to-flip-bits-in-dram-and-it-works-against-the-latest-defenses\/?comments=1\"> <\/p>\n<h4 class=\"comment-count-before\">reader comments<\/h4>\n<p> <span class=\"comment-count-number\">54<\/span> <span class=\"visually-hidden\"> with <\/span> <\/a> <\/aside>\n<p> <!-- cache hit 953:single\/related:61116ff0a50af14f5a296a2eb01873df --><!-- empty --><\/p>\n<p>In 2015, researchers reported a surprising discovery that stoked industry-wide security concerns\u2014an attack called RowHammer that could corrupt, modify, or steal sensitive data when a simple user-level application repeatedly accessed certain regions of DDR memory chips. In the coming years, memory chipmakers scrambled to develop defenses that prevented the attack, mainly by limiting the number of times programs could open and close the targeted chip regions in a given time.<\/p>\n<p>Recently, researchers devised a new method for creating the same types of RowHammer-induced bitflips even on a newer generation of chips, known as DDR4, that have the RowHammer mitigations built into them. Known as RowPress, the new attack works not by \u201chammering\u201d carefully selected regions repeatedly, but instead by leaving them open for longer periods than normal. Bitflips refer to the phenomenon of bits represented as ones change to zeros and vice versa.<\/p>\n<p>Further amplifying the vulnerability of DDR4 chips to read-disturbance attacks\u2014the generic term for inducing bitflips through abnormal accesses (i.e., activations) to memory chips\u2014RowPress bitflips can be enhanced by combining them with RowHammer accesses. Curiously, raising the temperature of the chip also intensifies the effect.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe demonstrate a proof of concept RowPress program that can cause bitflips in a real system that already employs protections against RowHammer,\u201d Onur Mutlu, a professor at ETH Z\u00fcrich and a co-author of a recently published paper titled <a href=\"https:\/\/people.inf.ethz.ch\/omutlu\/pub\/RowPress_isca23.pdf\">RowPress: Amplifying Read Disturbance in Modern DRAM Chips<\/a>, wrote in an email. \u201cNote that this is not in itself an attack. It simply shows that bitflips are possible and plenty, which can easily form the basis of an attack. As many prior works in security have shown, once you can induce a bitflip, you can use that bitflip for various attacks.\u201d<\/p>\n<aside class=\"ad_wrapper\" aria-label=\"In Content advertisement\"> <span class=\"ad_notice\">Advertisement <\/span> <\/aside>\n<h2>DIMMs, bits, and cosmic rays<\/h2>\n<p>The basic building block of DRAM (dynamic random access memory) is a storage cell. Each cell comprises a capacitor and a transistor and stores a single bit of data. When a bit is put into a memory cell, the transistor is used to charge or discharge the capacitor. A charged capacitor is represented with a 1, while a discharged capacitor is represented with a 0. Most often, DRAM cells are organized into a rectangular array of rows and columns.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"image shortcode-img center large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/dram-hierachiacal-organization.jpg\" class=\"enlarge\" data-height=\"597\" data-width=\"1840\" alt=\"Diagram illustrating the heirarchical organization of a DRAM chip.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Diagram illustrating the heirarchical organization of a DRAM chip.\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/dram-hierachiacal-organization-640x208.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"208\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/dram-hierachiacal-organization-1280x415.jpg 2x\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption\">\n<div class=\"caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/dram-hierachiacal-organization.jpg\" class=\"enlarge-link\" data-height=\"597\" data-width=\"1840\">Enlarge<\/a> <span class=\"sep\">\/<\/span> Diagram illustrating the heirarchical organization of a DRAM chip.<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>These rows and columns are arranged into ranks and banks to form what\u2019s known as the dual in-line memory module. Better known as a DIMM, this rectangular stick plugs into the computer motherboard. When a computer accesses a chunk of memory, it opens the rows to the cells storing the desired data and transfers it to the CPU.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"image shortcode-img center large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ddr4-dimm.jpg\" class=\"enlarge\" data-height=\"466\" data-width=\"1920\" alt=\"Photo of a DIMM.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Photo of a DIMM.\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ddr4-dimm-640x155.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ddr4-dimm-1280x311.jpg 2x\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption\">\n<div class=\"caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.arstechnica.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ddr4-dimm.jpg\" class=\"enlarge-link\" data-height=\"466\" data-width=\"1920\">Enlarge<\/a> <span class=\"sep\">\/<\/span> Photo of a DIMM.<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Bitflips have long been known as a rare, naturally occurring phenomenon. They occur when an unexpected flow of electrons within a transistor\u2019s gates changes the voltage between the source, or the part of the circuit where flow originates, and the sink, where the flow is received. During a 2003 election in Belgium, cosmic rays from outer space are widely believed to have caused bitflips that gave a political candidate an <a href=\"https:\/\/radiolab.org\/podcast\/bit-flip\">additional 4,096 votes<\/a> before being corrected. (The number 4,096, which can also be expressed as 2<sup>12<\/sup>, suggests there was a bitflip in the 12th bit.)<\/p>\n<p>Then, in 2014, discovered a previously unknown way to <a href=\"https:\/\/users.ece.cmu.edu\/%7Eyoonguk\/papers\/kim-isca14.pdf\">artificially induce bitflips<\/a> at will. When a computer repeatedly hammered a DRAM row, they found they could induce bitflips in adjacent rows. In RowHammer parlance, the row that gets hammered is known as the aggressor row. The row where bits are flipped is known as the victim row.<\/p>\n<p> READ MORE <a href=\"https:\/\/packetstormsecurity.com\/news\/view\/35141\/Theres-A-New-Way-To-Flip-Bits-In-DRAM.html\">HERE<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>READ MORE HERE&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":54218,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[968],"class_list":["post-54217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-packet-storm","tag-headlineflaw"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>There&#039;s A New Way To Flip Bits In DRAM 2026 | ThreatsHub Cybersecurity News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"ThreatsHub Cybersecurity News | ThreatsHub.org | 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