Industry 4.0: CNC Machine Security Risks Part 2<\/title> <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,600\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<link href=\"\/\/customer.cludo.com\/css\/296\/1798\/cludo-search.min.css\" type=\"text\/css\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"\/etc.clientlibs\/trendresearch\/clientlibs\/clientlib-trendresearch.min.css\" type=\"text\/css\"> <meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/en_us\/research\/22\/l\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-2.html\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Industry 4.0: CNC Machine Security Risks Part 2\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This is the second of a three-part blog series explores the security risks associated with CNC machines.\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Trend Micro\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/thumbnails\/22\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-2.png\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\"> <meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\"><br \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@TrendMicro\"><br \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Industry 4.0: CNC Machine Security Risks Part 2\"><br \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"This is the second of a three-part blog series explores the security risks associated with CNC machines.\"><br \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/thumbnails\/22\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-2.png\"> <\/head> <body class=\"articlepage page basicpage context-business\" id=\"readabilityBody\" readability=\"50.261220825853\">  <a id=\"page-scroll\" title=\"VerticalPageScroll\" href=\"javascript:jumpScroll($(this).scrollTop());\"> <span class=\"icon-chevron-up\"><\/span> <\/a>  <\/p>\n<div class=\"root responsivegrid\">\n<div class=\"aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 \">\n<div class=\"articleBodyNoHero aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12\">\n<div class=\"research-layout article container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n<article class=\"research-layout--wrapper row\" data-article-pageid=\"1354896105\">\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-12 one-column\">\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-12\" readability=\"7.1889400921659\">\n<div class=\"article-details\" role=\"heading\" readability=\"33.548387096774\"> <span class=\"article-details__bar\" role=\"img\"><\/span> <\/p>\n<p class=\"article-details__display-tag\">Cyber Threats<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-details__description\">This three-part blog series explores the risks associated with CNC machines<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-details__author-by\">By: Trend Micro <time class=\"article-details__date\">December 01, 2022<\/time> <span>Read time: <\/span><span class=\"eta\"><\/span> (<span class=\"words\"><\/span> words) <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr class=\"research-layout-divider\"> <main class=\"main--content col-xs-12 col-md-8 col-md-push-2\"> <\/p>\n<div class=\"richText\" readability=\"29.8375\">\n<div readability=\"12.7875\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/en_us\/research\/22\/k\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-1.html\">In part one<\/a>, we discussed what numerical control machines do and their basic concepts. These concepts are important to understand the machines better, offering a wider view of their operations. We also laid out how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/vinfo\/tmr\/?\/ph\/security\/news\/internet-of-things\/uncovering-security-weak-spots-in-industry-4-0-cnc-machines\">we evaluated the chosen vendors for our research<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For this blog, we will continue discussing our evaluated vendors and highlighting findings that we discovered during our research.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"body-subhead-title\">Haas<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"image\">\n<figure class=\"image-figure\"> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/22\/l\/the-security-risks-faced-by-cnc-machines-in-industry-4-0-part-2\/the-haas-simulator.png\" alt=\"haas-simulator\"><figcaption>Figure 1. The Haas simulator we used for preliminary testing (left) and the Haas CNC machine (Super Mini Mill 2) by Celada we used for verification (right)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"richText\" readability=\"33\">\n<div readability=\"11\">\n<p>Haas was the first vendor we focused on because of the fast availability of its controller. We began our analysis by conducting port scanning on the controller simulator and identifying the protocols exposed by the controller. After that, we evaluated the options with which an attacker could abuse the protocols to perform attacks aimed at the security of the machine and verified these attacks in practice on a real-world machine installation.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"body-subhead-title\">Okuma<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"image\">\n<figure class=\"image-figure\"> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/22\/l\/the-security-risks-faced-by-cnc-machines-in-industry-4-0-part-2\/the-okuma-simulator.png\" alt=\"okuma-simulator\"><figcaption>Figure 2. The Okuma simulator we used for the development of the malicious application and during the initial testing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"richText\" readability=\"37\">\n<div readability=\"19\">\n<p>Okuma stands out in the market of CNC controllers for one interesting feature: the modularity of its controller. While the vendor offers in the device\u2019s simplest form a tiny controller, it also provides a mechanism, called THINC API, to highly customize the functionalities of the controller. With this technology, any developer can implement a program that, once installed, runs in the context of the controller, in the form of an extension. This approach is very similar to how a mobile application, once installed, can extend a smartphone\u2019s functionalities.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"body-subhead-title\">Heidenhain<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"image\">\n<figure class=\"image-figure\"> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/22\/l\/the-security-risks-faced-by-cnc-machines-in-industry-4-0-part-2\/the-hartfor-5a-65e-machine.png\" alt=\"the-hardford-5a-65e-machine\"><figcaption>Figure 3. The Hartford 5A-65E machine, running on a Heidenhain TNC 640 controller, that we used in our experiments at Celada<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"richText\" readability=\"40.5\">\n<div readability=\"26\">\n<p>In the spirit of the Industry 4.0 paradigm, Heidenhain offers the Heidenhain DNC interface to integrate machines on modern, digital shop floors. Among the many scenarios, Heidenhain DNC enables the automatic exchange of data with machine and production data acquisition (MDA\/PDA) systems, higher level enterprise resource planning (ERP) and manufacturing execution systems (MESs), inventory management systems, computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD\/CAM) systems, production activity control systems, simulation tools, and tool management systems<\/p>\n<p>In our evaluation, we had access to the library provided by Heidenhain to the integrators to develop interfaces for the controller. The manufacturer provides this library, called RemoTools SDK,35 to selected partners only.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"body-subhead-title\">Fanuc<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"image\">\n<figure class=\"image-figure\"> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/22\/l\/the-security-risks-faced-by-cnc-machines-in-industry-4-0-part-2\/the-yasuda-ymc.png\" alt=\"the-yasuda-ymc\"><figcaption>Figure 4. The Yasuda YMC 430 + RT10 machine, running on a Fanuc controller, that we used in our experiments at the Polytechnic University of Milan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"richText\" readability=\"39\">\n<div readability=\"23\">\n<p>Like Heidenhain, Fanuc offers an interface, called FOCAS,36 for the integration of CNC machines in smart network environments. Even though this technology offers a restricted set of remote-call possibilities compared with the other vendors\u2019 (that is, a limited number of management features), our experiments showed that a miscreant could potentially conduct attacks like damage, DoS, and hijacking.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"body-subhead-title\">What we found<\/span><\/p>\n<p>As our evaluation identified 18 different attacks (or variations), we grouped them into five classes: compromise, damage, and denial of service (DoS):<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"image\">\n<figure class=\"image-figure\"> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/22\/l\/the-security-risks-faced-by-cnc-machines-in-industry-4-0-part-2\/a-summary-of-the-attack.png\" alt=\"summary-of-the-attack\"><figcaption>Table 1. A summary of the attacks we identified in our research<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"richText\" readability=\"38.130919220056\">\n<div readability=\"22.487465181058\">\n<p>Controller manufacturers like Haas, Okuma, and Heidenhain have been found to have a similar number of issues, around 15. Fanuc had 10 confirmed attacks. Unfortunately, our research shows that this domain lacks awareness concerning security and privacy. This creates serious and compelling problems.<\/p>\n<p>The need for automation-facing features like remote configuration of tool geometry or parametric programming with values determined by networked resources is becoming more common in manufacturing.<\/p>\n<p>With these findings, we determined countermeasures that enterprises can do to mitigate such risks, which we\u2019ll discuss in our final installation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/en_us\/research\/22\/l\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-3.html\">In the last part<\/a>, we\u2019ll also discuss our responsible disclosure process.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<section class=\"tag--list\">\n<p>Tags<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p> <\/main> <\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>   <\/p>\n<p> <span>sXpIBdPeKzI9PC2p0SWMpUSM2NSxWzPyXTMLlbXmYa0R20xk<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>   <\/body> Read More <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/en_us\/research\/22\/l\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-2.html\">HERE<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This three-part blog series explores the risks associated with CNC machines Read More HERE…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":49535,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[9510,9511,9842,9536,9509],"class_list":["post-49534","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-trendmicro","tag-trend-micro-research-articles-news-reports","tag-trend-micro-research-cyber-threats","tag-trend-micro-research-ics-ot","tag-trend-micro-research-privacyrisks","tag-trend-micro-research-research"],"yoast_head":"\n<title>Industry 4.0: CNC Machine Security Risks Part 2 2026 | ThreatsHub Cybersecurity News<\/title>\n<meta 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