Industry 4.0: CNC Machine Security Risks Part 1<\/title> <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,600\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<link href=\"\/\/customer.cludo.com\/css\/296\/1798\/cludo-search.min.css\" type=\"text\/css\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"\/etc.clientlibs\/trendresearch\/clientlibs\/clientlib-trendresearch.min.css\" type=\"text\/css\"> <meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/en_us\/research\/22\/k\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-1.html\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Industry 4.0: CNC Machine Security Risks Part 1\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This is one of a three-part blog series explores the security risks associated with CNC machines.\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Trend Micro\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/thumbnails\/22\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-1.png\"><br \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\"> <meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\"><br \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@TrendMicro\"><br \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Industry 4.0: CNC Machine Security Risks Part 1\"><br \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"This is one of a three-part blog series explores the security risks associated with CNC machines.\"><br \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/thumbnails\/22\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-1.png\"> <\/head> <body class=\"articlepage page basicpage context-business\" id=\"readabilityBody\" readability=\"50.864236329353\">  <a id=\"page-scroll\" title=\"VerticalPageScroll\" href=\"javascript:jumpScroll($(this).scrollTop());\"> <span class=\"icon-chevron-up\"><\/span> <\/a>  <\/p>\n<div class=\"root responsivegrid\">\n<div class=\"aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 \">\n<div class=\"articleBodyNoHero aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12\">\n<div class=\"research-layout article container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n<article class=\"research-layout--wrapper row\" data-article-pageid=\"50502375\">\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-12 one-column\">\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-12\" readability=\"7.1889400921659\">\n<div class=\"article-details\" role=\"heading\" readability=\"33.548387096774\"> <span class=\"article-details__bar\" role=\"img\"><\/span> <\/p>\n<p class=\"article-details__display-tag\">Cyber Threats<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-details__description\">This three-part blog series explores the risks associated with CNC machines<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-details__author-by\">By: Trend Micro <time class=\"article-details__date\">November 29, 2022<\/time> <span>Read time: <\/span><span class=\"eta\"><\/span> (<span class=\"words\"><\/span> words) <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr class=\"research-layout-divider\"> <main class=\"main--content col-xs-12 col-md-8 col-md-push-2\"> <\/p>\n<div class=\"richText\" readability=\"45.507572056668\">\n<div readability=\"37.761602344895\">\n<p>Computer numerical controls (CNCs) are machines used to produce products in a factory setting. They have been in use for many years, and in the last decade, their use has become more widespread due to increased connectivity. This increased connectivity has made them more software-dependent and therefore more vulnerable to attacks. This vulnerability is due to the heterogeneity of technologies used in factories and the lack of awareness among users of how to best secure these systems.<\/p>\n<p>This three-part blog series explores the risks associated with CNC machines. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/vinfo\/tmr\/?\/ph\/security\/news\/internet-of-things\/uncovering-security-weak-spots-in-industry-4-0-cnc-machines\">We performed a security evaluation on four representative vendors<\/a> and analyzed technological developments that satisfy the Industry 4 .0 paradigm while conducting practical attacks against real-world installations.<\/p>\n<p>For our research, we picked vendors that are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Are geographically distributed (that is, with headquarters and subsidiaries spread across the world) and resell on a global scale.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Have been on the market for decades.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Have a large, estimated size, for example, with a total annual revenue of at least a billion US dollars.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Use technologies widely adopted in the domain and present in different manufacturing sectors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"body-subhead-title\">Understanding numerical control machines<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A machine tool is a device that uses cutting tools to remove material from a workpiece. This process, called machining, results in the desired geometry of the workpiece. Machining is a subtractive process, meaning that the material is removed from the original geometry to create the desired shape.<\/p>\n<p>Numerical control (NC) is a technology that allows machines to be controlled by computers. This technology has revolutionized machine tools, making them more accurate and allowing for greater flexibility in their use. NC machine tools are now widely used in production systems and can be used on other types of machines, such as lasers and bending machines.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"body-subhead-title\">Basic concepts<\/span><\/p>\n<p>To facilitate the understanding of what we discovered in our research, we introduce some basic concepts related to the use of machine tools:<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"image\">\n<figure class=\"image-figure\"> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/content\/dam\/trendmicro\/global\/en\/research\/22\/k\/the-security-risks-faced-by-cnc-machines-in-industry-4-0-part-1\/parts-of-cnc-machine.png\" alt=\"parts-of-a-cnc-machine\"><figcaption>Figure 1. Parts of a CNC machine<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"richText\" readability=\"35\">\n<div readability=\"15\">\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Numerical control. The NC is the most critical element of the machine, as it controls the entire process. This system includes visual programming functions to speed up the setup of production cycles. Additionally, the NC is always equipped with a human-machine interface (HMI) to facilitate operator interaction with control.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Programming. Initially developed in the 1950s, G-code (aka RS-274) is the predominant programming language in the world of machine tools. It is presented as a series of instructions initialized by a letter address, which follow one another on successive lines separated by paragraph breaks; each of these lines is called a \u201cblock.\u201d Each letter address specifies the type of movement or function called by the user in that part of the program.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Parametric programming. Parametric programming is a way to make programs that are adjustable to different values. This is done by using variables that the user can input, and then the program will change based on those values. This is used in machine tools to help with things like feedback and closed-loop controls between production systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Single step. This allows for running the work program one line of code at a time. In this way, the operator can check the correspondence of executed code to the best possible working conditions and determine if intervention by modification is necessary.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Feed hold. The \u201cfeed hold\u201d function is mainly used to check the correct execution of complex features by inspecting the work area before proceeding with further steps in the process. In fact, chips coming from the removal of the material being processed could be deposited in work areas or on measuring probes, potentially invalidating the measurements, or inducing defects downstream of the machining if they are not removed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">Tools. The machining process is a manufacturing technique that uses an element called a tool to remove excess material from a raw piece. The tool cutting is made possible by the relative speed between the manufacturing part and the cutting tool edge, also known as the cutting speed or surface speed. In addition to this parameter, the feed rate (speed of tool moving along workpiece) also affects chip removal process. Many types of tools are available depending on the type of processing needed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"body-subhead-title\">Evaluating vendors<\/span><\/p>\n<p>For all vendors that we included in our research scope, we conducted an equal evaluation of their machines:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">The \u201cIndustry 4.0\u2013ready\u201d technologies are interfaces and related protocols used by machines in smart environments to transmit information outwards, towards centralized systems like production data for better management or cost reduction; they also enable remote management such that an operator can change the executed program without needing local access.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">We identified potential vulnerabilities in the exposed services using automated scanners like Nessus. These included known or misconfigurations that could pose as dangerous, which we ignored to focus on domain-specific abuse cases for CNC interfaces instead.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">We then went deep into the CNC-specific technologies previously identified, by analyzing the risks of abuses and conducting practical attacks on the controllers. For this, we developed attack tools that exploited the weaknesses we identified in the domain-specific interfaces with the aid of proprietary APIs we got access to.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"rte-red-bullet\">We collected evidence of our concerns and collaborated with vendors to suggest mitigations. All evidence came from tests we conducted on real-world installations, but we also used simulators for preliminary testing or when the machines were not immediately available.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Now that we have established a better understanding of numerical control machines and their basic concepts, we will further explore the vendors we chose for this research in part two of the series. There, we\u2019ll discuss how we evaluated vendors and what we discovered during our research.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<section class=\"tag--list\">\n<p>Tags<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p> <\/main> <\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>   <\/p>\n<p> <span>sXpIBdPeKzI9PC2p0SWMpUSM2NSxWzPyXTMLlbXmYa0R20xk<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>   <\/body> Read More <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/en_us\/research\/22\/k\/cnc-machine-security-risks-part-1.html\">HERE<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This three-part blog series explores the risks associated with CNC machines Read More HERE…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":49507,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[9510,9511,9842,9536,9509],"class_list":["post-49506","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-trendmicro","tag-trend-micro-research-articles-news-reports","tag-trend-micro-research-cyber-threats","tag-trend-micro-research-ics-ot","tag-trend-micro-research-privacyrisks","tag-trend-micro-research-research"],"yoast_head":"\n<title>Industry 4.0: CNC Machine Security Risks Part 1 2026 | ThreatsHub Cybersecurity News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"ThreatsHub Cybersecurity News | ThreatsHub.org | Cloud Security & Cyber Threats Analysis Hub. 100% Free OSINT Threat Intelligent and Cybersecurity News.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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