{"id":47457,"date":"2022-07-06T09:50:40","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T09:50:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/49767c3b-7e37-47d9-89eb-21fa5aa8d3a1"},"modified":"2022-07-06T09:50:40","modified_gmt":"2022-07-06T09:50:40","slug":"to-stop-quantum-hackers-the-us-just-chose-these-four-quantum-resistant-encryption-algorithms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.threatshub.org\/blog\/to-stop-quantum-hackers-the-us-just-chose-these-four-quantum-resistant-encryption-algorithms\/","title":{"rendered":"To stop quantum hackers, the US just chose these four quantum-resistant encryption algorithms"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"c-shortcodeImage u-clearfix c-shortcodeImage-large\">\n<div class=\"c-shortcodeImage_imageContainer\">\n<div class=\"c-shortcodeImage_image\"><picture class=\"c-cmsImage\"><!----> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/to-stop-quantum-hackers-the-us-just-chose-these-four-quantum-resistant-encryption-algorithms\/\" alt=\"quantum-computing.jpg\" height=\"801.75\" width=\"1200\"><\/picture><\/div>\n<p> <!----> <!----><\/div>\n<p> <!----><figcaption> <span class=\"c-shortcodeImage_credit g-outer-spacing-top-xsmall g-color-gray70 u-block g-text-xsmall\">Image: wacomka\/Shutterstock<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The U.S. Department of Commerce&#8217;s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has selected four quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms for general encryption and digital signatures.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>NIST, a US standards setting body and research organization within the Department of Commerce, announced the four algorithms after a six-year period assessing potential quantum-resistant (QR) alternatives to today&#8217;s cryptographic algorithms for public key encryption, digital signatures, and key exchange.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In 2016, NIST asked the world&#8217;s cryptographers to devise and then vet potential quantum-resistant methods to secure communications for everything from websites to email. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>SEE: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/what-is-quantum-computing-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-strange-world-of-quantum-computers\/\" rel=\"follow\"><strong>What is quantum computing? Everything you need to know about the strange world of quantum computers<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Today&#8217;s key algorithms include AES-256 for symmetric key encryption, SHA-256 and SHA-3 for hashing functions, RSA public key encryption for digital signatures and key establishment, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECDSA, ECDH) and DSA public key encryption for digital signatures and key exchange. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>NIST has currently selected only the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pq-crystals.org\/kyber\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">CRYSTALS-Kyber<\/a>&nbsp;algorithm for general encryption in a post-quantum world. However, it is still considering four others.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Kyber algorithm is already used by internet firm Cloudflare in its post-quantum <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/cloudflare\/circl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">CIRCL<\/a> (Cloudflare Interoperable, Reusable Cryptographic Library) library of cryptographic primitives written in Go. Amazon <span class=\"c-commerceLink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/security\/round-2-post-quantum-tls-is-now-supported-in-aws-kms\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" target=\"_blank\"><span>since 2020<\/span><!----><\/a><\/span> has supported Kyber as one of its post-quantum key exchange algorithms for Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.2, the encryption protocol behind HTTPS websites. And IBM used Kyber for its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/blogs\/research\/2019\/08\/crystals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">first quantum-resistant tape drive<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>NIST has also nominated <a href=\"https:\/\/pq-crystals.org\/dilithium\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">CRYSTALS-Dilithium<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/falcon-sign.info\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">FALCON<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/sphincs.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">SPHINCS+<\/a> for post-quantum digital signatures.<\/p>\n<p>The four selected encryption algorithms will become part of NIST&#8217;s post-quantum cryptographic standard, expected to be finalized around 2024. This selection marks the beginning of NIST&#8217;s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/Projects\/Post-Quantum-Cryptography\/Post-Quantum-Cryptography-Standardization\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">post-quantum cryptography standardization project<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/csrc\/media\/publications\/nistir\/8105\/final\/documents\/nistir_8105_draft.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NIST kicked off the search for new post-quantum encryption algorithms in 2016 after assessing<\/a> that a sufficiently large quantum computer would render all major public key encryption algorithms insecure, while AES-256 would only require larger key sizes, and SHA-256 and SHA-3 would require larger hash outputs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Its position was based on AT&amp;T Bell Labs researcher <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Shor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Peter Shor&#8217;s<\/a>&nbsp;algorithm that showed a powerful enough quantum computer would endanger many modern communications systems protected by these types of encryption.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>And while such a quantum computer is still years away, NIST noted it has historically taken almost 20 years to deploy modern public key cryptography infrastructure. On top of this, a sophisticated adversary could collect a ton data with today&#8217;s algorithms and decrypt it once they acquire a sufficiently powerful quantum computer. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>How big would that encryption-busting computer need to be?&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/post_quantum_cryptography_faq_3_seals_october_2021_508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and NIST noted in its 2021 FAQ<\/a> about post-quantum cryptography that a quantum computer capable of running Shor&#8217;s Algorithm to break a public key will need an estimated 6,000 stable qubits. But qubits are notoriously fragile.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>DHS notes that today&#8217;s cryptographic algorithms are still very safe from a computer like Google&#8217;s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/google-weve-made-quantum-supremacy-breakthrough-with-54-qubit-sycamore-chip\/\" rel=\"follow\">54-qubit quantum Sycamore chip<\/a>, which the firm claimed had achieved &#8220;quantum supremacy&#8221; \u2013 although this is disputed. Last year IBM said it was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/ibm-promises-a-4000-qubit-quantum-computer-by-2025-heres-what-it-means\/\" rel=\"follow\">targeting a 4,000-qubit computer by 2025<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The point at which a given quantum computer is built with sufficient qubit capacity to break public key cryptography sometimes called &#8220;cryptographically relevant&#8221;, when a quantum machine now can break our current cryptographic algorithms. This is still significantly larger in size and power than a quantum machine that achieves &#8220;quantum supremacy&#8221;,&#8221; DHS notes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>SEE:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/these-are-the-biggest-cybersecurity-threats-make-sure-you-arent-ignoring-them\/\" rel=\"follow\">These are the biggest cybersecurity threats. Make sure you aren&#8217;t ignoring them<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Still, the the White House in May recognized the impending threat to national security and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/quantum-computers-could-crack-encryption-warns-white-house-as-it-details-action-plan\/\" rel=\"follow\">outlined several proposals to accelerate US R&amp;D in quantum computing and a rough timeline for federal agencies to deploy quantum-resistant cryptography<\/a>&nbsp;\u2013 to keep it ahead of and safe from rivals like China and Russia. Other governments including those in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pmc.gov.au\/resource-centre\/domestic-policy\/post-quantum-cryptography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Australia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.gouv.fr\/en\/publication\/anssi-views-on-the-post-quantum-cryptography-transition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">France<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncsc.gov.uk\/whitepaper\/preparing-for-quantum-safe-cryptography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">the UK<\/a>&nbsp;and elsewhere have acknowledged post-quantum risks to their organizations&#8217; networks and communications. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The White House wants key federal agencies to migrate existing cryptographic systems to ones that are resistant to a &#8216;cryptanalytically&#8217;-relevant quantum computer (CRQC) in order to mitigate &#8220;as much of the quantum risk as is feasible&#8221; by 2035.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>NIST recommends CRYSTALS-Dilithium as the primary algorithm for digital signatures, while FALCON is suitable for applications that need signatures smaller than Dilithium can provide.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>NIST picked <a href=\"https:\/\/sphincs.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">SPHINCS+<\/a> as a backup despite it being comparatively larger and slower than the other two because it was based on a different math approach to the other three algorithms it selected.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Three of the selected algorithms are based on a family of math problems called structured lattices, while SPHINCS+ uses hash functions. The additional four algorithms still under consideration are designed for general encryption and do not use structured lattices or hash functions in their approaches,&#8221; NIST said.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>SEE:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/these-are-the-cybersecurity-threats-of-tomorrow-that-you-should-be-thinking-about-today\/\" rel=\"follow\">These are the cybersecurity threats of tomorrow that you should be thinking about today<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Our post-quantum cryptography program has leveraged the top minds in cryptography \u2013 worldwide \u2013 to produce this first group of quantum-resistant algorithms that will lead to a standard and significantly increase the security of our digital information.&#8221; NIST director Laurie E. Locascio <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/news-events\/news\/2022\/07\/nist-announces-first-four-quantum-resistant-cryptographic-algorithms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">said in a statement<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>NIST <a href=\"https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/Projects\/Post-Quantum-Cryptography\/Post-Quantum-Cryptography-Standardization\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">intends<\/a> for the new public-key cryptography standards to specify &#8220;one or more additional unclassified, publicly disclosed digital signature, public-key encryption, and key-establishment algorithms that are available worldwide&#8221; that can protect sensitive government information beyond the advent of powerful quantum computers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>READ MORE <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/to-stop-quantum-hackers-the-us-just-chose-these-four-quantum-resistant-encryption-algorithms\/#ftag=RSSbaffb68\">HERE<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The US now has four post-quantum cryptographic algorithms it plans to make part of a new set of public-key cryptography standards by 2024.<br \/>\nREAD MORE HERE&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47457","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zdnet-security"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>To stop quantum hackers, the US just chose these four quantum-resistant encryption algorithms 2026 | ThreatsHub 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