{"id":3788,"date":"2017-05-25T12:47:00","date_gmt":"2017-05-25T12:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.threatshub.org\/blog\/the-complexity-of-password-complexity\/"},"modified":"2017-05-25T12:47:00","modified_gmt":"2017-05-25T12:47:00","slug":"the-complexity-of-password-complexity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.threatshub.org\/blog\/the-complexity-of-password-complexity\/","title":{"rendered":"The complexity of password complexity"},"content":{"rendered":"<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.techhive.com\/images\/article\/2016\/08\/passwords-100678100-primary.idge.jpg\" class=\"ff-og-image-inserted\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Deploying password quality checking on your Debian-base Linux servers can help to ensure that your users assign reasonable passwords on their accounts, but the settings themselves can be a bit misleading. For example, setting a minimum password length of 12 characters does not mean that your users&#8217; passwords will all have twelve or more characters. Let&#8217;s stroll down Complexity Boulevard and see how the settings work and examine some settings worth considering.<\/p>\n<p>First, if you haven&#8217;t done this already, install the password quality checking library with this command:<\/p>\n<pre>\napt-get -y install libpam-pwquality\n<\/pre>\n<p>The files that contain most of the settings we&#8217;re going to look at will be:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\/etc\/pam.d\/common-password<\/strong> on Debian-base systems<\/li>\n<li><strong>\/etc\/pam.d\/system-auth<\/strong> on RedHat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Complexity settings<\/h2>\n<p>Here&#8217;s how it works. You can set a minimum password length, but it doesn&#8217;t work exactly like you might think. People can set themselves up with shorter passwords if they incorporate some additional complexity and get credit for doing so.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"nativo-promo nativo-promo-1 smartphone\" id=\"\"\/>\n<p>Complexity settings allow you to do quite a number of things in addition to requiring a minimum password length. You can require:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>uppercase characters<\/li>\n<li>lowercase characters<\/li>\n<li>digits<\/li>\n<li>other characters (e.g., punctuation marks)<\/li>\n<li>a mix of the above<\/li>\n<li>a restriction on the number of characters in any particular class (uppercase, lowercase, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>a restriction on how many times the same character can be used<\/li>\n<li>the number of characters that have to be different from those used in the previous password<\/li>\n<li>restrictions on password re-use<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The settings include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>minlen<\/strong> = minimum password length<\/li>\n<li><strong>minclass<\/strong> = the minimum number of character types that must be used (i.e., uppercase, lowercase, digits, other)<\/li>\n<li><strong>maxrepeat<\/strong> = the maximum number of times a single character may be repeated<\/li>\n<li><strong>maxclassrepeat<\/strong> = the maximum number of characters in a row that can be in the same class<\/li>\n<li><strong>lcredit<\/strong> = maximum number of lowercase characters that will generate a credit<\/li>\n<li><strong>ucredit<\/strong> = maximum number of uppercase characters that will generate a credit<\/li>\n<li><strong>dcredit<\/strong> = maximum number of digits that will generate a credit<\/li>\n<li><strong>ocredit<\/strong> = maximum number of other characters that will generate a credit<\/li>\n<li><strong>difok<\/strong> = the minimum number of characters that must be different from the old password<\/li>\n<li><strong>remember<\/strong> = the number of passwords that will be remembered by the system so that they cannot be used again<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Implementing these settings in your common-password file might look like this:<\/p>\n<aside id=\"fsb-2599\" class=\"fakesidebar fakesidebar-auto fakesidebar-sponsored\"><strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/pluralsight.pxf.io\/c\/321564\/424552\/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr\" rel=\"nofollow\">Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/aside>\n<pre>\npassword requisite pam_pwquality.so retry=3 <strong>minlen=12 minclass=3 maxrepeat=2 maxclassrepeat=4 lcredit=-1 ucredit=-1 ocredit=1 dcredit=1 difok=3<\/strong>\npassword [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure use_authtok try_first_pass sha512 <strong>remember=10<\/strong>\n<\/pre>\n<h2>Credits<\/h2>\n<p>The idea of &#8220;credits&#8221; is very interesting. Basically, you&#8217;re getting credit for complexity. A shorter password might be acceptable if it&#8217;s more complex in other ways &#8212; like the mix of characters \u2013 than length.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"nativo-promo nativo-promo-1 tablet desktop\" id=\"\"\/>\n<aside class=\"fakesidebar\"><strong>[ To comment on this story, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Computerworld\/posts\/10155343922584680\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Computerworld&#8217;s Facebook page<\/a>. ]<\/strong><\/aside>\n<p>As an example, a password like &#8220;hijlmqrazp&#8221; might pass a minlen=10 test. If dcredit is set to 2, on the other hand, the password &#8220;hijlmq99&#8221; would also pass. Why? Because we&#8217;d get 2 credits for the digits. So, 8 characters plus 2 credits is valued as highly as 10 characters. If dcredit was set to 1, you would need an additional character. However, we could get credits for uppercase, lowercase, and non-alphanumeric characters (like punctuation characters).<\/p>\n<p>Note, however, that you can only get credit for so many of the different characters. Maybe you will get credit for only one digit or two uppercase characters. Maybe you don&#8217;t get any credit for lowercase characters. It all depends on your settings.<\/p>\n<h2>Mixing character classes<\/h2>\n<p>One other setting which comes into play is the minclass setting. This setting determines how many different classes of characters \u2013 must be used for a password to be acceptable. If minclass is set to 2, a password containing all lowercase, all uppercase, all digits, or all other characters wouldn&#8217;t work. If set to 2, minclass would require you to use characters from two classes \u2013 like uppercase and lowercase, or lowercase and digits.<\/p>\n<p>With minclass set to 4, passwords would have to include all four types of characters \u2013 like \u201chowzit2B?\u201d and, if we get credit for uppercase, digits, or other characters, we&#8217;d be OK even with the minlen set to 12.<\/p>\n<p>You can also put a cap on the number of characters of any particular class. Set the maxclassrepeat setting to 4 and passwords cannot contain more than 4 lowercase, uppercase, digits, or other characters in succession.<\/p>\n<h2>Why use negative values?<\/h2>\n<p>Setting one of the lcredit, ucredit, dcredit, or ocredit settings to a negative number means that you MUST have some of that type of character. Setting dcredit to -1, for example, would mean that you have to include at least one digit for a password to be accepted.<\/p>\n<h2>What else do you get?<\/h2>\n<p>PAM&#8217;s password quality checking also includes a number of other checks that help ensure that passwords are fairly secure. It checks to see if a password is a palindrome (e.g., \u201cracecar\u201d), whether a new password is the same as the old password but with a change of case only, if the old and new passwords are too similar or rotations of each other, and whether a password contains the user&#8217;s name. It&#8217;s getting to the point that it might actually be difficult to assign oneself a really bad password.<\/p>\n<div class=\"end-note\">\n<div id=\"\" class=\"blx blxParticleendnote blxM2005 blox4_html blxC23909\">Join the Network World communities on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/NetworkWorld\/\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/network-world\" target=\"_blank\">LinkedIn<\/a> to comment on topics that are top of mind.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>READ MORE <a href=\"https:\/\/www.networkworld.com\/article\/3198444\/linux\/the-complexity-of-password-complexity.html#tk.rss_security\">HERE<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\nDeploying password quality checking on your Debian-base Linux servers can help to ensure that your users assign reasonable passwords on their accounts, but the settings themselves can be a bit misleading. For example, setting a minimum password length of 12 characters does not mean that your users&#8217; passwords will all have twelve or more characters. Let&#8217;s stroll down Complexity Boulevard and see how the settings work and examine some settings worth considering.First, if you haven&#8217;t done this already, install the password quality checking library with this command:apt-get -y install libpam-pwquality<\/p>\n<p>The files that contain most of the settings we&#8217;re going to look at will be:To read this article in full, please click here READ MORE HERE&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3789,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[738],"tags":[812,493,307],"class_list":["post-3788","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-networkworld","tag-data-center","tag-linux","tag-security"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ 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