{"id":29484,"date":"2019-10-04T13:47:44","date_gmt":"2019-10-04T13:47:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/packetstormsecurity.com\/news\/view\/30552\/Russian-Hacker-Group-Patches-Chrome-And-Firefox-To-Fingerprint-TLS-Traffic.html"},"modified":"2019-10-04T13:47:44","modified_gmt":"2019-10-04T13:47:44","slug":"russian-hacker-group-patches-chrome-and-firefox-to-fingerprint-tls-traffic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.threatshub.org\/blog\/russian-hacker-group-patches-chrome-and-firefox-to-fingerprint-tls-traffic\/","title":{"rendered":"Russian Hacker Group Patches Chrome And Firefox To Fingerprint TLS Traffic"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"img aspect-set\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zdnet2.cbsistatic.com\/hub\/i\/2019\/02\/20\/71278254-f3dc-4ae5-adf6-3d8a40f9f9bd\/fd9d9d4d59bdfcfb73cf7669407dc542\/source-code-binary.png\" class alt=\"source code binary\"><\/span><span class=\"credit\">Image: Check Point \/\/ Composition: ZDNet<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>A Russian cyber-espionage hacker group has been spotted using a novel technique that involves patching locally installed browsers like Chrome and Firefox in order to modify the browsers&#8217; internal components.<\/p>\n<p>The end goal of these modifications is to alter the way the two browsers set up HTTPS connections, and add a per-victim fingerprint for the TLS-encrypted web traffic that originates from the infected computers.<\/p>\n<h3>Attack blamed on Turla<\/h3>\n<p>This type of novel attack has been attributed to Turla, a well-known hacker group believed to operate under the protection of the Russian government.<\/p>\n<p>According to a Kaspersky report published this week, hackers are infecting victims with a remote access trojan named Reductor, through which they are modifying the two browsers.<\/p>\n<p>This process involves two steps. They first install their own digital certificates to each infected host. This would allow hackers to intercept any TLS traffic originating from the host.<\/p>\n<p>Second, they modify the Chrome and Firefox installation to patch their pseudo-random number generation (PRNG) functions. These functions are used when generating random numbers needed for the process of negotiating and establishing new TLS handshakes for HTTPS connections.<\/p>\n<p>Turla hackers are using these tainted PRNG functions to add a small fingerprint at the start of every new TLS connection. The structure of this fingerprint goes as follows, as explained by Kaspersky researchers <a href=\"https:\/\/securelist.com\/compfun-successor-reductor\/93633\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-component=\"externalLink\">in a report released today<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The first four-byte hash (cert_hash) is built using all of Reductor&#8217;s digital certificates. For each of them, the hash&#8217;s initial value is the X509 version number. Then they are sequentially XORed with all four-byte values from the serial number. All the counted hashes are XOR-ed with each other to build the final one. The operators know this value for every victim, because it&#8217;s built using their digital certificates.<\/li>\n<li>The second four-byte hash (hwid_hash) is based on the target&#8217;s hardware properties: SMBIOS date and version, Video BIOS date and version and hard drive volume ID. The operators know this value for every victim because it&#8217;s used for the C2 communication protocol.<\/li>\n<li>The latter three fields are encrypted using the first four bytes &#8211; initial PRN XOR key. At every round, the XOR key changes with the MUL 0x48C27395 MOD 0x7FFFFFFF algorithm. As a result, the bytes remain pseudo random, but with the unique host ID encrypted inside.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Post-removal tracking mechanism?<\/h3>\n<section class=\"sharethrough-top\" data-component=\"medusaContentRecommendation\" data-medusa-content-recommendation-options=\"{&quot;promo&quot;:&quot;promo_ZD_recommendation_sharethrough_top_in_article_desktop&quot;,&quot;spot&quot;:&quot;dfp-in-article&quot;}\">\n<\/section>\n<p>Kaspersky didn&#8217;t have an explanation of why Turla hackers were doing this. Whatever it was, it wasn&#8217;t for breaking a user&#8217;s encrypted traffic.<\/p>\n<p>The Reductor RAT that was present on users&#8217; devices would have allowed hackers full control over a victim&#8217;s device already, including the ability to watch a victim&#8217;s network traffic in real-time.<\/p>\n<p>However, one possible explanation is that hackers were using the TLS fingerprint as a secondary surveillance mechanism in case victims found and removed the Reductor trojan, but didn&#8217;t reinstall their browsers.<\/p>\n<p>With the TLS fingerprint in place, the Turla group would be able to spot the victim&#8217;s encrypted traffic stream while it connected to various websites across the web.<\/p>\n<p>This &#8220;theory&#8221; that ZDNet heard from several security researchers would also means that Turla would be in a position to passively observe HTTPS traffic across the web. Coincidentally, this is confirmed by the Kaspersky report.<\/p>\n<p>Kaspersky researchers said they tracked the initial Reductor trojan infections to software downloads victims made from legitimate websites or &#8220;warez&#8221; sites.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers said those websites never hosted Reductor-infected files, so the only way Turla hackers modified those files was while they were in transit across the internet.<\/p>\n<p>Because the downloads also took place via HTTP, replacing the legitimate files with the tainted ones would have actually been a pretty trivial task, Kaspersky said.<\/p>\n<p>However, this would mean that Turla hackers also had control or had compromised an internet service provider, in order to sniff all traffic and replace the legitimate files with tainted ones.<\/p>\n<p>But this isn&#8217;t a stretch for the Russian hackers, and they&#8217;ve been seen doing the very same before. A January 2018 report from fellow cyber-security firm ESET revealed that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.welivesecurity.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/ESET_Turla_Mosquito.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-component=\"externalLink\">Turla had compromised at least four ISPs before<\/a>, in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet space, also with the purpose of tainting downloads and adding malware to legitimate files.<\/p>\n<p>It is possible that those ISP compromises happened again, but this time, instead of the Mosquito trojan, they deployed Reductor.<\/p>\n<h3>Normal Turla procedures<\/h3>\n<p>All in all, Turla has been one of today&#8217;s most sophisticated hacker groups, by a very wide margin. The tricks and techniques the group uses are years ahead of everyone else.<\/p>\n<p>The group has been known to <a href=\"https:\/\/securelist.com\/satellite-turla-apt-command-and-control-in-the-sky\/72081\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-component=\"externalLink\">hijack and use telecommunications satellites<\/a> to deliver malware to remote areas of the globe, has developed malware that hid its control mechanism <a href=\"https:\/\/www.welivesecurity.com\/2017\/06\/06\/turlas-watering-hole-campaign-updated-firefox-extension-abusing-instagram\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-component=\"externalLink\">inside comments posted on Britney Spears&#8217; Instagram photos<\/a>, has developed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/russian-cyberspies-are-using-one-hell-of-a-clever-microsoft-exchange-backdoor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">email server backdoors that received commands via spam-looking messages<\/a>, and has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/russian-apt-hacked-iranian-apts-infrastructure-back-in-2017\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hacked other countries&#8217; cyber-espionage hacker groups<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This is also not the first time when Turla alters a browser component to deploy malware on infected hosts. The group has previously installed a backdoored Firefox add-on in victims&#8217; browsers back in 2015 [<a href=\"http:\/\/download.bitdefender.com\/resources\/media\/materials\/white-papers\/en\/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-PAC-A4-en_EN1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-component=\"externalLink\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.welivesecurity.com\/2017\/06\/06\/turlas-watering-hole-campaign-updated-firefox-extension-abusing-instagram\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-component=\"externalLink\">2<\/a>], which it used to keep an eye on the user&#8217;s web traffic.<\/p>\n<p>Patching Chrome and Firefox just to be able to track a victim&#8217;s HTTPS traffic while they&#8217;ve been kicked off a workstations fits with their previous pattern of highly clever hacks and techniques.<\/p>\n<p> READ MORE <a href=\"https:\/\/packetstormsecurity.com\/news\/view\/30552\/Russian-Hacker-Group-Patches-Chrome-And-Firefox-To-Fingerprint-TLS-Traffic.html\">HERE<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>READ MORE HERE&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":29485,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[277],"tags":[7984],"class_list":["post-29484","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cybersecurity-blogs","tag-headlinehackerprivacymalwarerussiacyberwargooglemozillacryptography"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Russian Hacker Group Patches Chrome And Firefox To Fingerprint TLS Traffic 2026 | ThreatsHub Cybersecurity News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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